Journal Description
Metrology
Metrology
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on the science and technology of measurement and metrology, published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 28.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 5.2 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.
Latest Articles
Design of Experiments for Evaluating the Relevance of Change in Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Opaque Oils
Metrology 2024, 4(1), 15-23; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology4010002 - 05 Jan 2024
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Viscosity is a physicochemical property that evaluates the resistance that fuel offers to flow, influencing the engine’s operation and combustion process. Its control is aimed at good fuel atomization and the preservation of lubricating characteristics. Changes in viscosity can lead to wear on
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Viscosity is a physicochemical property that evaluates the resistance that fuel offers to flow, influencing the engine’s operation and combustion process. Its control is aimed at good fuel atomization and the preservation of lubricating characteristics. Changes in viscosity can lead to wear on various parts of the engine. Viscometers typically measure the viscosity of fuels in the oil and gas industry. These instruments can measure the time it takes for a fluid to move a given distance through a pipe or the time it takes for an object of a given size and density to pass through the liquid. The traditional test method, ASTM D445, differentiates the procedure for opaque liquids from transparent ones; that is, it requires a warm-up of the sample between 60 °C and 65 °C for 1 h. This additional step can overload laboratory routines, although it is not guaranteed to have a metrologically significant effect on the final result. Thus, this study evaluated the relevance of complying with this step in the test method for the kinematic viscosity of opaque liquids using a 32 factorial experimental design. Based on the F test, p-value, confidence intervals, and percentage contribution of the sum of squares approaches concerning the regression analysis, one concluded that the warm-up time was not a relevant factor in the kinematic viscosity, specifically of very low sulphur fuel oil, Brazilian fuel oil, and atmospheric residue diluted with diesel oil, which are fluids at room temperature.
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Open AccessArticle
Digital Impedance Bridge for Four-Terminal-Pair AC Resistor Calibration up to 20 kHz
Metrology 2024, 4(1), 1-14; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology4010001 - 04 Jan 2024
Abstract
For this study, a substitution principle-based impedance bridge has been developed to calibrate AC resistors in a four-terminal-pair (4TP) configuration. The calibration is performed in the full complex plane for resistances ranging from 100 mΩ to 400 Ω and frequencies of between 50
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For this study, a substitution principle-based impedance bridge has been developed to calibrate AC resistors in a four-terminal-pair (4TP) configuration. The calibration is performed in the full complex plane for resistances ranging from 100 mΩ to 400 Ω and frequencies of between 50 Hz and 20 kHz. The automated bridge is based on four resistors associated with two high-impedance stages. The balancing of the bridge is achieved by means of PXI modules. The bridge is automatically balanced via a simplex top-down algorithm. The new bridge is primarily used for the measurement chain of AC standard resistors defined in a 4TP configuration at LNE, which are used for routine customer calibrations. The traceability of LNE’s standard resistors when defined in a 4TP configuration is ensured by a measurement chain from a 1 kΩ reference resistor using the new bridge. The reference resistor was calibrated previously via comparison with a calculable resistor up to 20 kHz. The bridge was validated via comparison with calibration results obtained in 1983 and 2009. For a resistor of 1 Ω at 1 kHz, the uncertainty of the series resistance variation and the phase shift are less than 6 µΩ/Ω (k = 1) and 6 µrad (k = 1), respectively.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power and Electronic Measurement Systems)
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Open AccessCommunication
Analysis of the Usefulness of Cheap Audio Recorders for Spectral Measurement of Environmental Noise
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, , , , , , , , , , , , and
Metrology 2023, 3(4), 381-388; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3040024 - 12 Dec 2023
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Environmental noise pollution is nowadays one of the most serious health threats. The impact of noise on the human body depends not only on the sound level but also on its spectral distribution. Reliable measurements of the environmental noise spectrum are often hampered
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Environmental noise pollution is nowadays one of the most serious health threats. The impact of noise on the human body depends not only on the sound level but also on its spectral distribution. Reliable measurements of the environmental noise spectrum are often hampered by the very high price of top quality measuring devices. This paper explores the possibility of using much cheaper audio recorders for the frequency analysis. Comparative research was performed in laboratory and field conditions, which showed that, with some limitations, these devices can be useful in analyzing the frequency of environmental noise. This provides an opportunity for reducing the cost of noise analysis experimental work.
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Open AccessEditorial
Editorial for Special Issue: “Advances in Portable 3D Measurement”
Metrology 2023, 3(4), 377-380; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3040023 - 23 Nov 2023
Abstract
In the context of the journal Metrology, portable 3D measurement is focused on manufacturing applications where there are typically demands for high-accuracy 3D data, with uncertainties in the range of a few 10s of micrometres to a few tenths of millimetres [...]
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Portable 3D Measurement)
Open AccessArticle
Spectroscopic Reflectometry for Optimizing 3D Through-Silicon-Vias Process
Metrology 2023, 3(4), 365-376; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3040022 - 22 Nov 2023
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The main challenges in 3D metrology involve measuring TSVs etched with very high aspect ratios, where the via depth to diameter ratio approaches 10:1–20:1. In this paper, we introduce an innovative approach to enhance our in-house spectroscopic reflectometer module by integrating aperture technology,
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The main challenges in 3D metrology involve measuring TSVs etched with very high aspect ratios, where the via depth to diameter ratio approaches 10:1–20:1. In this paper, we introduce an innovative approach to enhance our in-house spectroscopic reflectometer module by integrating aperture technology, resulting in a substantial amplification of interference signals. Our system offers the flexibility to conduct measurements on an average number of TSVs, individual TSVs, or specific periodic arrays of TSVs. Additionally, we demonstrate the utility of the spectroscopic reflectometer as a non-destructive, high-speed metrology solution for in-line monitoring of TSV etch uniformity. Through a series of experimental trials in a reactive ion etch (RIE) process, we show that leveraging feedback data from the reflectometer leads to marked improvements in etch depth uniformity.
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Open AccessArticle
Predictive Modeling of Photovoltaic Panel Power Production through On-Site Environmental and Electrical Measurements Using Artificial Neural Networks
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, , , , , and
Metrology 2023, 3(4), 347-364; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3040021 - 30 Oct 2023
Abstract
Weather disturbances pose a significant challenge when estimating the energy production of photovoltaic panel systems. Energy production and forecasting models have recently been used to improve energy estimations and maintenance tasks. However, these models often rely on environmental measurements from meteorological units far
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Weather disturbances pose a significant challenge when estimating the energy production of photovoltaic panel systems. Energy production and forecasting models have recently been used to improve energy estimations and maintenance tasks. However, these models often rely on environmental measurements from meteorological units far from the photovoltaic systems. To enhance the accuracy of the developed model, a measurement Internet of Things (IoT) prototype was developed in this study, which collects on-site voltage and current measurements from the panel, as well as the environmental factors of lighting, temperature, and humidity in the system’s proximity. The measurements were then subjected to correlation analysis, and various artificial neural networks (ANNs) were implemented to develop energy estimations and forecasting models. The most effective model utilizes lighting, temperature, and humidity. The model achieves a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.255326464. The ANN models are compared to an MLR model using the same data. Using previous power measurements and actual weather data, a non-autoregressive neural network (Non-AR-NN) model forecasts future output power values. The best Non-AR-NN model produces an RMSE of 0.1160, resulting in accurate predictions based on the IoT device.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power and Electronic Measurement Systems)
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Open AccessArticle
A Two-Dimensional K-Shell X-ray Fluorescence (2D-KXRF) Model for Soft Tissue Attenuation Corrections of Strontium Measurements in a Cortical Lamb Bone Sample
Metrology 2023, 3(4), 325-346; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3040020 - 06 Oct 2023
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Human bones store elements such as calcium, phosphorus, and strontium, and accumulate toxic elements such as lead. In vivo measurements of elemental bone concentration can be done using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of X-ray interactions were predominantly employed in
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Human bones store elements such as calcium, phosphorus, and strontium, and accumulate toxic elements such as lead. In vivo measurements of elemental bone concentration can be done using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of X-ray interactions were predominantly employed in this field to develop calibration methods that linked XRF measurements to concentrations. A simple and fast two-dimensional K-shell X-ray fluorescence model was developed to compute the KXRF signal of elements in bone and overlying soft tissue samples. The model is an alternative to MC methods and can guide future bone XRF studies. Contours of bone and soft tissue cross sections were elliptical and only KXRF signals from absorption of primary photons were considered. Predictions of the model were compared to Sr KXRF measurements using the bare lamb bone (LB) and the LB with overlying leather. XRF experiments used a small X-ray beam, silicon X-ray detector, and three positioning stages. Linear attenuation coefficients of the leather and LB were measured and used in the model. Measured and model-derived values of the Sr X-rays leather attenuation and Sr Kβ/Kα ratio agreed, but estimated bone Sr concentrations were likely overestimated. Results, approximations, future work directions, and applications were discussed.
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Open AccessConference Report
Report of the CCU/CCQM Workshop on “The Metrology of Quantities Which Can Be Counted”
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, , , , , and
Metrology 2023, 3(3), 309-324; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3030019 - 04 Sep 2023
Cited by 1
Abstract
This article provides a report of the recent workshop on “The metrology of quantities which can be counted” organised jointly by the International Committee for Weights and Measures’ Consultative Committees for Amount of Substance (CCQM) and for Units (CCU). The workshop aimed to
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This article provides a report of the recent workshop on “The metrology of quantities which can be counted” organised jointly by the International Committee for Weights and Measures’ Consultative Committees for Amount of Substance (CCQM) and for Units (CCU). The workshop aimed to trigger a discussion on counting and number quantities across the metrological community so that a common understanding of counting and a common nomenclature could be achieved and there was clarity on the differences between these increasingly important concepts. This article details the background to the workshop, provides a summary of the presentations given and the discussions on the topics raised. It also reports the conclusions, agreed actions and next steps resulting from the workshop.
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Open AccessReview
Time and Its Measure: Historical and Social Implications
by
and
Metrology 2023, 3(3), 294-308; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3030018 - 21 Aug 2023
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Time and frequency are quantities that have seen a proliferation and diffusion of tools, unimaginable until a few decades ago, and whose application implications are multiplying in a digital society, now characterized by an absolute lack of temporal and spatial limits. Today’s world
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Time and frequency are quantities that have seen a proliferation and diffusion of tools, unimaginable until a few decades ago, and whose application implications are multiplying in a digital society, now characterized by an absolute lack of temporal and spatial limits. Today’s world requires a perfect synchronism of human activities, both for the need to identify with certainty the moment of commercial transactions and to accurately describe biological phenomenologies, which affect the social life of individuals to the point of having repercussions on issues such as safety, production and manufacturing organization. In this regard, the recent award of the Nobel Prize for Medicine for the discovery of the gene capable of controlling our internal biological clock is significant. This paper describes the social implications connected to time measurements, analyzing some very original application effects, ranging from the typical cadences of production activities to sports applications, going so far as to highlight its apparent anomaly of adopting, unlike all other physical quantities, duodecimal and/or sexagesimal scales. Real time and perceived time can both converge and diverge, and this is almost never objectifiable, as it varies from individual to individual, according to individual experiences or sensitivities. This paper is a point of reflection attempting to understand how the chronology of major historical events influenced the organization of time as it is known today and how we arrived at actual measuring instruments so accurate and interconnected with the social sphere. The evolution of calendars and instruments for measuring relative time is described in terms of their specificity.
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Open AccessEditorial
Updated Strategy and Scope of Metrology
by
Metrology 2023, 3(3), 292-293; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3030017 - 11 Aug 2023
Abstract
Our journal ‘Metrology’ has been up and running for a few years now, with interesting and ground-breaking publications covering the wide field that the concept of ‘metrology’ encompasses [...]
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Open AccessArticle
Application Scenarios of a Tactile Surface Roughness Measurement System for In Situ Measurement in Machine Tools
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and
Metrology 2023, 3(3), 280-291; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3030016 - 29 Jul 2023
Abstract
The rate of automation in European industry is increasing continuously. In production metrology, the trend is shifting from measurement laboratories towards integration of metrology into the production process. Increasing levels of automation and the current skills shortage are driving demand for autonomous production
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The rate of automation in European industry is increasing continuously. In production metrology, the trend is shifting from measurement laboratories towards integration of metrology into the production process. Increasing levels of automation and the current skills shortage are driving demand for autonomous production systems. In this project, a roughness measurement system was developed that is fully integrated into machine tools and enables fully automatic roughness measurement of part surfaces during the machining process. Using a skidless measurement system, it was possible to obtained measured roughness values comparable to those obtained in measuring rooms under optimal conditions. The present paper shows the development process of the prototype and provides an overview of different application scenarios for in situ measurement of machine tools. In situ roughness measurement has high potential in the future of metrology in industrial applications. Not only can surfaces be measured directly in the process, sub-processes can be triggered based on the measured values, allowing the production process to react flexibly to actual conditions. Potential improvements in metrology and significant optimizations of the entire production chain are highlighted in this paper.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments in 3D Metrology Selected from the 3D Metrology Conference 2022–2023)
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Open AccessArticle
Organized Computational Measurement to Design a High-Performance Muffler
Metrology 2023, 3(3), 254-279; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3030015 - 14 Jul 2023
Abstract
Engine noise, as a source of sound pollution for humans and the environment, can be reduced by designing a high-performance muffler. This study presents a novel, organized design process of that muffler for the KTM390 engine as a case study. The acoustic simulation
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Engine noise, as a source of sound pollution for humans and the environment, can be reduced by designing a high-performance muffler. This study presents a novel, organized design process of that muffler for the KTM390 engine as a case study. The acoustic simulation analysis is performed in COMSOL software and aerodynamic analysis is performed in ANSYS Fluent. The features of the muffler considered in this designing process are the overall length of the muffler, the presence of baffles and related parameters (baffle distance, baffle hole diameter, and baffle hole offset), and the effects of extended tubes. In order to evaluate the acoustic performance of the muffler, an objective function has been defined and measured on two frequency ranges, 75–300 Hz and 300–1500 Hz. For evaluating the aerodynamic performance of that, the amount of backpressure is analyzed to achieve a maximum of 3.3 kilopascals for this muffler. The selection of the appropriate parameters includes comparing the resulting transmission loss curves and quantitative evaluation of objective functions (for transmission loss) and backpressure. This organized design process (i.e., tree diagram) leads to an increase in the efficiency of designing mufflers (for example, 41.2% improvement on backpressure).
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Dynamic Measurement Methods and Systems)
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Open AccessCommunication
Improving Experimental Design through Uncertainty Analysis
Metrology 2023, 3(3), 246-253; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3030014 - 28 Jun 2023
Abstract
In this paper, the development of a fission-gas collecting and physical-analysis-enabling instrument was proposed for small-volume determination. Analysis specifications require a design capable of accurately and repeatably determining volumes in the range of 0.07–2.5 mL. This system relies on a series of gas
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In this paper, the development of a fission-gas collecting and physical-analysis-enabling instrument was proposed for small-volume determination. Analysis specifications require a design capable of accurately and repeatably determining volumes in the range of 0.07–2.5 mL. This system relies on a series of gas expansions originating from a cylinder with known internal volume. The combined gas law is used to derive the unknown volumes from these expansions. Initial system designs included one of two known volumes, 11.85 ± 0.34 mL and 5.807 ± 0.078 mL, with a manifold volume of 32 mL. Results obtained from modeling this system’s operation showed that 0.07 mL can be determined with a relative expanded uncertainty greater than 300% (k = 2) for a single replicate, which was unacceptable for the proposed experimental design. Initial modeling showed that the volume connecting the known volume and rodlet, i.e., the manifold volume, and the sensitivity of the pressure sensor were key contributors to the expanded uncertainty of the measured rodlet volume. The system’s design limited the available options for pressure sensors, so emphasis was placed on the design of the manifold volume. The final system design reduced the manifold volume to 17 mL. These changes in design, combined with replicate analysis, were able to reduce the relative expanded uncertainty by ±12% (k = 2) for the 0.07 mL volume.
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(This article belongs to the Collection Measurement Uncertainty)
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Open AccessBrief Report
New Standard for Metal Powder Bed Fusion Surface Texture Measurement and Characterisation
Metrology 2023, 3(2), 237-245; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3020013 - 10 Jun 2023
Cited by 1
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As metal additive manufacturing has been increasingly accepted as a viable method of industrial manufacture, there has been a significant uptake in manufacturers wishing to verify and test their parts through analysis of part surface. However, various studies have shown that metal additive
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As metal additive manufacturing has been increasingly accepted as a viable method of industrial manufacture, there has been a significant uptake in manufacturers wishing to verify and test their parts through analysis of part surface. However, various studies have shown that metal additive surfaces tend to exhibit highly complex features and, thus, represent a challenge to those wishing to undertake measurement and characterisation. Over the past decade, good practice in metal additive surface measurement and characterisation have been developed, ultimately resulting in the creation of a new standard guide, ASTM F3624-23, which summarises that good practice. Here, we explain the background and rationale for the creation of this standard and provide an overview of the contents of the standard. An example case study is then presented, showing the worked good practice guidance in a metal additive surface measurement and characterisation task, namely, a comparative measurement of an example surface using two different instruments. Finally, considerations for future versions of the standard are presented, explaining the need to develop further good practice for novel instruments and to focus on feature-based characterisation approaches.
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Open AccessArticle
Characteristic Function of the Tsallis q-Gaussian and Its Applications in Measurement and Metrology
Metrology 2023, 3(2), 222-236; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3020012 - 18 May 2023
Cited by 3
Abstract
The Tsallis q-Gaussian distribution is a powerful generalization of the standard Gaussian distribution and is commonly used in various fields, including non-extensive statistical mechanics, financial markets and image processing. It belongs to the q-distribution family, which is characterized by a non-additive
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The Tsallis q-Gaussian distribution is a powerful generalization of the standard Gaussian distribution and is commonly used in various fields, including non-extensive statistical mechanics, financial markets and image processing. It belongs to the q-distribution family, which is characterized by a non-additive entropy. Due to their versatility and practicality, q-Gaussians are a natural choice for modeling input quantities in measurement models. This paper presents the characteristic function of a linear combination of independent q-Gaussian random variables and proposes a numerical method for its inversion. The proposed technique makes it possible to determine the exact probability distribution of the output quantity in linear measurement models, with the input quantities modeled as independent q-Gaussian random variables. It provides an alternative computational procedure to the Monte Carlo method for uncertainty analysis through the propagation of distributions.
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(This article belongs to the Collection Measurement Uncertainty)
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Open AccessArticle
Optimisation of Imaging Confocal Microscopy for Topography Measurements of Metal Additive Surfaces
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, , , , , and
Metrology 2023, 3(2), 186-221; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3020011 - 10 May 2023
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Additive manufactured surfaces, especially metal powder bed fusion surfaces, present unique challenges for measurement because of their complex topographies. To address these measurement challenges, optimisation of the measurement process is required. Using a statistical approach, sensitivity analyses were performed on measurement settings found
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Additive manufactured surfaces, especially metal powder bed fusion surfaces, present unique challenges for measurement because of their complex topographies. To address these measurement challenges, optimisation of the measurement process is required. Using a statistical approach, sensitivity analyses were performed on measurement settings found on a commercial programmable array scanning confocal microscope. The instrument measurement process parameters were compared by their effects on three quality indicators: the areal surface texture parameter Sa, measurement noise, and number of non-measured points. An analysis was performed using a full factorial design of experiments for both the top and side surfaces of test surfaces made from Inconel 718 and Ti-6Al-4V using powder bed fusion. The results indicated that measurements of metal additive surfaces are robust to changes in the measurement control parameters for Sa, with variations within 5% of the mean parameter value for the same objective, surface, and measured area. The number of non-measured points and the measurement noise were more varied and were affected by the choice of measurement control parameters, but such changes could be predicted by the statistical models. The contribution offered by this work is an increased understanding of imaging confocal microscopy measurement of metal additive surfaces, along with the establishment of good practice guidance for measurements.
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Open AccessArticle
Creepage Distance Estimation of Hairpin Stators Using 3D Feature Extraction
Metrology 2023, 3(2), 169-185; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3020010 - 08 May 2023
Abstract
The increasing demand for electric drives challenges conventional powertrain designs and requires new technologies to increase production efficiency. Hairpin stator manufacturing technology enables full automation, and quality control within the process is particularly important for increasing the process capacity, avoiding rejects and for
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The increasing demand for electric drives challenges conventional powertrain designs and requires new technologies to increase production efficiency. Hairpin stator manufacturing technology enables full automation, and quality control within the process is particularly important for increasing the process capacity, avoiding rejects and for safety-related aspects. Due to the complex, free-form geometries of hairpin stators and the required short inspection times, inline reconstruction and accurate quantification of relevant features is of particular importance. In this study, we propose a novel method to estimate the creepage distance, a feature that is crucial regarding the safety standards of hairpin stators and that could be determined neither automatically nor accurately until now. The data acquisition is based on fringe projection profilometry and a robot positioning system for a highly complete surface reconstruction. After alignment, the wire pairs are density-based clustered so that computations can be parallelized for each cluster, and an analysis of partial geometries is enabled. In several further steps, stripping edges are segmented automatically using a novel approach of spatially asymmetric windowed local surface normal variation, and the creepage distances are subsequently estimated using a geodesic path algorithm. Finally, the approach is examined and discussed for an entire stator, and a methodology is presented that enables the identification of implausible estimated creepage distances.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Open Challenges of On-Machine and In-Process Metrology for Precision Manufacturing)
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Open AccessReview
Measurement Techniques for Three-Dimensional Metrology of High Aspect Ratio Internal Features—A Review
Metrology 2023, 3(2), 139-168; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3020009 - 17 Apr 2023
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Non-destructive measurements of high aspect ratio microscale features, especially those with internal geometries such as micro-holes, remain a challenging metrology problem that is increasing in difficulty due to the increasing requirement for more complexity and higher tolerances in such structures. Additionally, there is
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Non-destructive measurements of high aspect ratio microscale features, especially those with internal geometries such as micro-holes, remain a challenging metrology problem that is increasing in difficulty due to the increasing requirement for more complexity and higher tolerances in such structures. Additionally, there is a growing use of functional surface texturing for improving characteristics such as heat transfer and wettability. As a result, measurement techniques capable of providing dimensional form and surface finish for these features are of intense interest. This review explores the state-of-the-art inspection methodologies compatible with high-aspect-ratio structures and their suitability for extracting three-dimensional surface data based on identified high-aspect ratio structure types. Here, the abilities, limitations, challenges, and future requirements for the practical implementation and acceptance of these measurement techniques are presented.
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Open AccessCommunication
Metrological Evaluation of the Compatibility of Two Different Digital Density Meter Adjustment Methods
Metrology 2023, 3(2), 131-138; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3020008 - 10 Apr 2023
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Brazilian regulation requires the test methods for analysing the shrinkage factor, and the solubility ratio in crude oils must be estimated under the measurement conditions for appropriation. Since these physicochemical parameters depend upon the density, a Brazilian oil company proposed an adapted and
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Brazilian regulation requires the test methods for analysing the shrinkage factor, and the solubility ratio in crude oils must be estimated under the measurement conditions for appropriation. Since these physicochemical parameters depend upon the density, a Brazilian oil company proposed an adapted and more user-friendly methodology for adjusting the digital density meter under high pressure and temperature conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the metrological compatibility of this proposal by comparing it with the fit model presented by a manufacturer of a digital densimeter and with the tabulated reference values of fluid density. Since the density data behaviour presented non-normal distributions, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed metrological compatibility between the approaches studied in the pressure range from 0 psi to 1200 psi (8.273709 MPa) and the temperature range from 5 °C to 70 °C.
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Open AccessArticle
Estimation of Measurement Uncertainty of the Real-Time Location System (RTLS) with Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Technology
Metrology 2023, 3(2), 113-130; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3020007 - 24 Mar 2023
Abstract
The need to control the real-time location of assets is increasingly relevant worldwide. The Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology is an IoT solution for real-time locating systems (RTLS). The location of the asset is obtained by the signal exchange between a wireless tag (asset) and
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The need to control the real-time location of assets is increasingly relevant worldwide. The Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology is an IoT solution for real-time locating systems (RTLS). The location of the asset is obtained by the signal exchange between a wireless tag (asset) and fixed anchors. The tag interacts with the fixed anchors, defining its position through the distances obtained by trilateration. This data is sent to the server through the gateway. It is well-known that this process has several sources of errors. However, the measurement uncertainty assessment of UWB technology is an important topic regarding its scope of use. This paper presents a task-specific measurement uncertainty evaluation for the UWB positioning system, according to the ISO GUM. It aims to propose a method to support decision-making regarding the possible uses of UWB technology. The position provided by the UWB is compared with reference points using Cartesian coordinates that are measured with a total station, providing metrological reliability. Using the information from the estimated uncertainty, one can define the minimum tolerance interval associated with UWB technology for a given use. A case study demonstrates the method.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments in 3D Metrology Selected from the 3D Metrology Conference 2022–2023)
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