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20 pages, 6854 KiB  
Review
A Review on Metal Oxide Semiconductor-Based Chemo-Resistive Ethylene Sensors for Agricultural Applications
Chemosensors 2024, 12(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12010013 - 12 Jan 2024
Viewed by 177
Abstract
Ethylene, an important phytohormone, significantly influences plant growth and the ripeness of fruits and vegetables. During the transportation and storage of agricultural products, excessive ethylene can lead to economic losses due to rapid deterioration. Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS)-based chemo-resistive sensors are a promising [...] Read more.
Ethylene, an important phytohormone, significantly influences plant growth and the ripeness of fruits and vegetables. During the transportation and storage of agricultural products, excessive ethylene can lead to economic losses due to rapid deterioration. Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS)-based chemo-resistive sensors are a promising technology for the detection of ethylene due to their low cost, high sensitivity, portability, etc. This review comprehensively summarizes the materials, fabrications, agricultural applications, and sensing mechanisms of these sensors. Moreover, the current challenges are highlighted and the potential solutions are proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Cost Chemo/Bio-Sensors Based on Nanomaterials)
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4 pages, 190 KiB  
Editorial
Advanced Techniques for the Analysis of Proteins and RNAs
Chemosensors 2024, 12(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12010012 - 10 Jan 2024
Viewed by 312
Abstract
Proteins and RNAs, as fundamental components of cellular machinery, play pivotal roles in the intricate landscape of life [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Techniques for the Analysis of Protein and RNA)
31 pages, 9014 KiB  
Article
Prostate Cancer Detection in Colombian Patients through E-Senses Devices in Exhaled Breath and Urine Samples
Chemosensors 2024, 12(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12010011 - 05 Jan 2024
Viewed by 511
Abstract
This work consists of a study to detect prostate cancer using E-senses devices based on electronic tongue and electronic nose systems. Therefore, two groups of confirmed prostate cancer and control patients were invited to participate through urine and exhaled breath samples, where the [...] Read more.
This work consists of a study to detect prostate cancer using E-senses devices based on electronic tongue and electronic nose systems. Therefore, two groups of confirmed prostate cancer and control patients were invited to participate through urine and exhaled breath samples, where the control patients group was categorized as Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, Prostatitis, and Healthy patients. Afterward, the samples were subsequently classified using Pattern Recognition and machine learning methods, where the results were compared through clinical history, obtaining a 92.9% success rate in the PCa and control samples’ classification accuracy by using eTongue and a 100% success rate of classification using eNose. Full article
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12 pages, 2664 KiB  
Article
Origami Paper-Based Electrochemical Immunosensor with Carbon Nanohorns-Decorated Nanoporous Gold for Zearalenone Detection
Chemosensors 2024, 12(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12010010 - 05 Jan 2024
Viewed by 396
Abstract
Nowadays, mycotoxin contamination in cereals and wastewater exposes a safety hazard to consumer health. This work describes the design of a simple, low-cost, and sensitive origami microfluidic paper-based device using electrochemical detection for zearalenone determination. The microfluidic immunosensor was designed on a paper [...] Read more.
Nowadays, mycotoxin contamination in cereals and wastewater exposes a safety hazard to consumer health. This work describes the design of a simple, low-cost, and sensitive origami microfluidic paper-based device using electrochemical detection for zearalenone determination. The microfluidic immunosensor was designed on a paper platform by a wax printing process. The graphitized carbon working electrode modified with carbon nanohorns-decorated nanoporous gold showed a higher surface area, sensitivity, and adequate analytical performance. Electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The determination of zearalenone was carried out through a competitive immunoassay using specific antibodies immobilized by a covalent bond on the electrode surface. In the presence of HRP-labeled enzyme conjugate, substrate, and catechol, zearalenone was detected employing the developed immunosensor by applying −0.1 V to the working electrode vs silver as a pseudo-reference electrode. A calibration curve with a linear range between 10 and 1000 µg Kg−1 (R2 = 0.998) was obtained, and the limit of detection and quantification for the electrochemical immunosensor were 4.40 and 14.90 µg Kg−1, respectively. The coefficient of variation for intra- and inter-day assays was less than 5%. The selectivity and specificity of the sensor were evaluated, comparing the response against zearalenone metabolites and other mycotoxins that could affect the corn samples. Therefore, origami is a promising approach for paper-based electrochemical microfluidic sensors coupled to smartphones as a rapid and portable tool for in situ mycotoxins detection in real samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microfluidic Device Based Chemical and Biochemical Sensors)
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15 pages, 1282 KiB  
Article
Spectroscopy and Chemometrics for Conformity Analysis of e-Liquids: Illegal Additive Detection and Nicotine Characterization
Chemosensors 2024, 12(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12010009 - 05 Jan 2024
Viewed by 568
Abstract
Vaping electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has become a popular alternative to smoking tobacco. When an e-cigarette is activated, a liquid is vaporized by heating, producing an aerosol that users inhale. While e-cigarettes are marketed as less harmful than traditional cigarettes, there are ongoing concerns [...] Read more.
Vaping electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has become a popular alternative to smoking tobacco. When an e-cigarette is activated, a liquid is vaporized by heating, producing an aerosol that users inhale. While e-cigarettes are marketed as less harmful than traditional cigarettes, there are ongoing concerns about their long-term health effects, including potential lung damage. Therefore, it is essential to closely monitor and study the composition of e-liquids. E-liquids typically consist of propylene glycol, glycerin, flavorings and nicotine, though there have been reports of non-compliant nicotine concentrations and the presence of illegal additives. This study explored spectroscopic techniques to examine the conformity of nicotine labeling and detect the presence of the not-allowed additives: the caffeine, taurine, vitamin E and cannabidiol (CBD) in e-liquids. A total of 236 e-liquid samples were carefully selected for analysis. Chemometric analysis was applied to the collected data, which included mid-infrared (MIR) and near-infrared (NIR) spectra. Supervised modeling approaches such as partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) were employed to classify the samples, based on the presence of nicotine and the targeted additives. This study demonstrates the efficacy of MIR and NIR spectroscopic techniques in conjunction with chemometric methods (SIMCA and PLS-DA) for detecting specific molecules in e-liquids. MIR with autoscaling data preprocessing and PLS-DA achieved 100% classification rates for CBD and vitamin E, while NIR with the same approach achieved 100% for CBD and taurine. Overall, MIR combined with PLS-DA yielded the best classification across all targeted molecules, suggesting its preference as a singular technique. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemometrics Tools Used in Chemical Detection and Analysis)
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13 pages, 3139 KiB  
Article
Nanorods Assembled Hierarchical Bi2S3 for Highly Sensitive Detection of Trace NO2 at Room Temperature
Chemosensors 2024, 12(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12010008 - 04 Jan 2024
Viewed by 412
Abstract
The bismuth sulfide nanostructure has become a promising gas sensing material thanks to its exceptional intrinsic properties. However, pristine Bi2S3 as a room-temperature sensing material cannot achieve the highly sensitive detection of ppb-level NO2 gas. Herein, 1D nanorods with [...] Read more.
The bismuth sulfide nanostructure has become a promising gas sensing material thanks to its exceptional intrinsic properties. However, pristine Bi2S3 as a room-temperature sensing material cannot achieve the highly sensitive detection of ppb-level NO2 gas. Herein, 1D nanorods with self-assembled hierarchical Bi2S3 nanostructures were obtained via a simple hydrothermal process. The as-prepared hierarchical Bi2S3 nanostructures exhibited outstanding NO2 sensing behaviors, such as a high response value (Rg/Ra = 5.8) and a short response/recovery time (τ90 = 28/116 s) upon exposure to 1 ppm NO2. The limit of detection of hierarchical Bi2S3 was down to 50 ppb. Meanwhile, the sensor exhibited excellent selectivity and humidity tolerance. The improved NO2 sensing properties were associated with the self-assembled hierarchical nanostructures, which provided a rich sensing active surface and accelerated the diffusion and adsorption/desorption processes between NO2 molecules and Bi2S3 materials. Additionally, the sensing response of hierarchical Bi2S3 nanostructures is much higher at 100% N2 atmosphere, which is different from the chemisorption oxygen model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanomaterial-Based Gas Sensors)
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18 pages, 1436 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Essential Oil Composition of Five Thymus Species Native to Greece
Chemosensors 2024, 12(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12010007 - 31 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1162
Abstract
The genus Thymus encompasses a wide array of taxa, many of which remain underexplored in terms of their phytochemical profile. In this study, we investigated the phytochemical composition of volatile compounds of five Thymus species native to Greece using gas chromatography combined with [...] Read more.
The genus Thymus encompasses a wide array of taxa, many of which remain underexplored in terms of their phytochemical profile. In this study, we investigated the phytochemical composition of volatile compounds of five Thymus species native to Greece using gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. Two samples of T. parnassicus collected from Mts Parnitha and Parnassos were studied. The predominant compounds in the Parnitha sample were α-cadinol (13.53%), E-caryophyllene (11.83%) and selin-11-en-4α-ol (7.29%). The sample from Mt. Parnassos exhibited a high concentration of E-caryophyllene (35.20%) followed by β-bisabolene (10.41%). Additionally, two species, namely T. leucotrichus subsp. leucotrichus and T. atticus, were collected on Mt. Chelmos (Peloponnese). The essential oil of T. leucotrichus was rich in elemol (35.56%), α-eudesmol (11.15%) and β-eudesmol (6.11%). Thymus atticus exhibited a high concentration in linalool (63.04%) and p-cymene (25.63%). In addition, two samples of T. holosericeus collected from Kefalonia Ιsland were both rich in geraniol (89.9% and 87.7%, respectively). We also examined the volatile profile of T. laconicus, a local endemic species of SE Peloponnese (Lakonia area), which remains unexplored. Carvacrol (32.7%) and p-cymene (29.7%) were identified as the dominant compounds. Our study contributes valuable insights into the chemical profile of Thymus spp. and sheds further light on the well-known chemical polymorphism within this genus. Full article
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12 pages, 3101 KiB  
Article
The Rapid Determination of Three Toxic Ginkgolic Acids in the Decolorized Process of Ginkgo Ketone Ester Based on Raman Spectroscopy and ResNeXt50 Deep Neural Network
Chemosensors 2024, 12(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12010006 - 31 Dec 2023
Viewed by 401
Abstract
The decolorization process plays a pivotal role in refining Ginkgo ketone ester by primarily eliminating ginkgolic acids, a toxic component. Presently, the conventional testing method involves sending samples for analysis, causing delays that impact formulation production. Hence, the development of a rapid process [...] Read more.
The decolorization process plays a pivotal role in refining Ginkgo ketone ester by primarily eliminating ginkgolic acids, a toxic component. Presently, the conventional testing method involves sending samples for analysis, causing delays that impact formulation production. Hence, the development of a rapid process control method becomes imperative. This study introduces a swift detection approach for three ginkgolic acids during Ginkgo ketone ester’s decolorization. Initially, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method assessed ginkgolic acid C13:0, ginkgolic acid C15:1, and ginkgolic acid C17:1 concentrations in 91 decolorized solution samples, establishing reference values. Subsequently, using a portable Raman spectrometer, Raman spectra of the decolorized liquid within the 3200–200 cm−1 wavelength range were collected. Ultimately, employing partial least squares regression (PLSR) and ResNeXt50 deep learning algorithms, two quantitative calibration models correlated the ginkgolic acid content to Raman spectral data. Both models exhibited high predictive accuracy, with the ResNeXt50 model demonstrating superior performance. The prediction set correlation coefficients (Rp2) for ginkgolic acid C13:0, ginkgolic acid C15:1, and ginkgolic acid C17:1 were 0.9962, 0.9971, and 0.9974, respectively, with root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) values of 0.0144, 0.0130, and 0.0122 μg/mL. In contrast, the PLSR model yielded Rp2 values of 0.9862, 0.9839, and 0.9480, with RMSEP values of 0.0273, 0.0305, and 0.0545 μg/mL for the three ginkgolic acids. The ResNeXt50 model not only showcased higher precision but also enhanced interpretability, as analyzed through gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM). The integration of Raman spectroscopy and the ResNeXt50 quantitative calibration model furnishes a real-time and precise approach to monitor ginkgolic acid content in the decolorized solution during Ginkgo ketone ester preparation. This significant advancement establishes a robust framework for implementing quality control measures in the decolorization process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Recent Progress and Applications of Optical Chemical Sensors)
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12 pages, 4023 KiB  
Article
Highly Sensitive and Selective MEMS Gas Sensor Based on WO3/Al2O3/Graphite for 2-Chloroethyl Ethyl Sulfide (2-CEES) Detection
Chemosensors 2024, 12(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12010005 - 30 Dec 2023
Viewed by 378
Abstract
The detection and monitoring of toxic and harmful gases play a vital role in environmental protection, human health, and industrial and agricultural production. However, it is still challenging to develop gas sensors for the detection of toxic and harmful gases with high sensitivity, [...] Read more.
The detection and monitoring of toxic and harmful gases play a vital role in environmental protection, human health, and industrial and agricultural production. However, it is still challenging to develop gas sensors for the detection of toxic and harmful gases with high sensitivity, good recovery and excellent selectivity. In this study, WO3/Al2O3/graphite composite materials were used for an MEMS 2-CEES gas sensor (dichlorodiethyl sulfide simulation), and the corresponding sensing properties were explored. The experimental results show that when the working temperature is 340 °C, the response of the sensor to 2-CEES gas with a concentration of 5.70 ppm is 69%, the response time is 5 s and the recovery time is 42 s. The sensor also has the advantages of long-term stability and high selectivity. Furthermore, the MEMS gas sensor array based on WO3/Al2O3/graphite composite materials has been achieved and also exhibits excellent sensing performance. Overall, this study provides a strategy for realizing high-performance dichlorodiethyl sulfide gas sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterial-Based Chemosensors and Biosensors for Smart Sensing)
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14 pages, 2132 KiB  
Article
Label-Free Electrochemical Sensing Using Glassy Carbon Electrodes Modified with Multiwalled-Carbon Nanotubes Non-Covalently Functionalized with Human Immunoglobulin G
Chemosensors 2024, 12(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12010004 - 28 Dec 2023
Viewed by 386
Abstract
This work reports new analytical applications of glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) modified with a nanohybrid obtained by non-covalent functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with human immunoglobulin G (IgG) (GCE/MWCNT-IgG). We report the label-free and non-amplified breast cancer 1 gen (BRCA1) biosensing based [...] Read more.
This work reports new analytical applications of glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) modified with a nanohybrid obtained by non-covalent functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with human immunoglobulin G (IgG) (GCE/MWCNT-IgG). We report the label-free and non-amplified breast cancer 1 gen (BRCA1) biosensing based on the facilitated adsorption of the DNA probe at the nanohybrid modified GCE and the impedimetric detection of the hybridization event in the presence of the redox marker benzoquinone/hydroquinone. The resulting genosensor made the fast, highly selective, and sensitive quantification of BRCA1 gene possible, with a linear range between 1.0 fM and 10.0 nM, a sensitivity of (3.0 ± 0.1) × 102 Ω M−1 (R2 = 0.9990), a detection limit of 0.3 fM, and excellent discrimination of fully non-complementary and mismatch DNA sequences. The detection of BRCA1 in enriched samples of diluted human blood serum showed a recovery percentage of 94.6%. Another interesting analytical application of MWCNT-IgG-modified GCE based on the catalytic activity of the exfoliated MWCNTs is also reported for the simultaneous quantification of dopamine and uric acid in the presence of ascorbic acid, with detection limits at submicromolar levels for both compounds. Full article
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13 pages, 4181 KiB  
Article
Near-Perfect Infrared Transmission Based on Metallic Hole and Disk Coupling Array for Mid-Infrared Refractive Index Sensing
Chemosensors 2024, 12(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12010003 - 26 Dec 2023
Viewed by 492
Abstract
Nanostructured color filters, particularly those generated by the extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) resonance of metal–dielectric nanostructures, have been intensively studied over the past few decades. In this work, we propose a hybrid array composed of a hole array and a disk array with [...] Read more.
Nanostructured color filters, particularly those generated by the extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) resonance of metal–dielectric nanostructures, have been intensively studied over the past few decades. In this work, we propose a hybrid array composed of a hole array and a disk array with the same working period within the 3–14 μm mid-infrared band. Through numerical simulations, near-perfect transmission (more than 99%) and a narrower linewidth at some resonance wavelengths were achieved, which is vital for highly sensitive sensing applications. This superior performance is attributed to the surface plasmon coupling resonance between the hole and disk arrays. A high tunability of the near-perfect transmission peak with varying structural parameters, characteristics of sensitivity to the background refractive index, and angle independence were observed. We expect that this metallic hole and disk coupling array is promising for use in various applications, such as in plasmon biosensors for the high-sensitivity detection of biochemical substances. Full article
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12 pages, 7584 KiB  
Article
Wavelength-Stable Metal Grating Distributed Feedback Quantum Cascade Laser Emitting at λ ~ 7.2 μm
Chemosensors 2024, 12(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12010002 - 26 Dec 2023
Viewed by 458
Abstract
In this research, we demonstrate a wavelength-stable continuous wave (CW) distributed feedback (DFB) quantum cascade laser (QCL) emitting at 7.2 μm using a surface metal grating approach without epitaxial regrowth. The deep metal grating provides an appropriate DFB coupling coefficient and enhanced thermal [...] Read more.
In this research, we demonstrate a wavelength-stable continuous wave (CW) distributed feedback (DFB) quantum cascade laser (QCL) emitting at 7.2 μm using a surface metal grating approach without epitaxial regrowth. The deep metal grating provides an appropriate DFB coupling coefficient and enhanced thermal extraction, resulting in improved lasing performance and the realization of impressive wavelength stability. Quantitatively, the temperature tuning coefficient of the single-mode emission is only 0.54 nm/°C from 20 °C to 70 °C, and the current tuning coefficient of the single-mode emission is 3.2 nm/A from 1.0 A to 1.6 A. A DFB-QCL with a 2 mm cavity length exhibits a low threshold current of 0.6 A and a power of 1.1 W with a slope efficiency of 1 W/A in the CW mode at 300 K. A single-mode operation with a side mode suppression ratio of 33 dB and a single-lobed far-field without beam steering is obtained in the working temperature range of 20–70 °C The improved wavelength stability using a deep surface metal grating approach promises simplified fabrication, which is meaningful for the commercial applications of QCLs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Optoelectronic Materials-Based Sensors and Devices)
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18 pages, 7382 KiB  
Article
Near Infrared and UV-Visible Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometrics for the Characterization of Flours from Different Starch Origins
Chemosensors 2024, 12(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12010001 - 22 Dec 2023
Viewed by 578
Abstract
This work tested near-infrared (NIR) and UV-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics to characterize flours from different starch origins. In particular, eighteen starch-containing flours (e.g., type 00 flour, rye, barley, soybean, chestnut, potato, spelt, buckwheat, oat, millet, rice, durum wheat, amaranth, chickpea, sesame, [...] Read more.
This work tested near-infrared (NIR) and UV-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics to characterize flours from different starch origins. In particular, eighteen starch-containing flours (e.g., type 00 flour, rye, barley, soybean, chestnut, potato, spelt, buckwheat, oat, millet, rice, durum wheat, amaranth, chickpea, sesame, corn, hemp and sunflower flours) were analyzed with a twofold objective: chemically characterizing the investigated flours and laying the groundwork for the development of a fast and suitable method that can identify the botanical source of starch in food. This could ensure ingredient traceability and aid in preventing/detecting food fraud. Untargeted approaches were used for this study, involving the simultaneous acquisition of a large amount of chemical information (UV-Vis on extracted starch and NIR signals on raw flours) coupled with chemometric techniques. UV-VIS spectra were acquired between 225 and 800 nm after sample pretreatment to extract starch. NIR spectra were acquired between 900 and 1700 nm using a poliSPEC NIRe portable instrument on the flours without any kind of pretreatments. An initial exploratory investigation was conducted using principal component analysis and cluster analysis, obtaining interesting preliminary information on patterns among the investigated flours. In particular, the UV-Vis model successfully discerned samples such as potato, chestnut, sunflower, durum wheat, sesame, buckwheat, rice, corn, spelt and 00-type flours. PCA model results obtained from the analysis of NIR spectra also provided comparable results with the UV-Vis model, particularly highlighting the differences observed between hemp and potato flours with soybean flour. Some similarities were identified between other flours, such as barley and millet, rye and oats, and chickpea and amaranth. Therefore, some flour samples underwent surface analysis via scanning electron microscope (SEM) using the Nova NanoSEM 450 to detect distinctive morphology. Full article
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31 pages, 594 KiB  
Review
Spectroscopy, a Tool for the Non-Destructive Sensory Analysis of Plant-Based Foods and Beverages: A Comprehensive Review
Chemosensors 2023, 11(12), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11120579 - 18 Dec 2023
Viewed by 747
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a significant rise in the popularity of plant-based products due to various reasons, such as ethical concerns, environmental sustainability, and health benefits. Sensory analysis is a powerful tool for evaluating the human appreciation of food and drink [...] Read more.
In recent years, there has been a significant rise in the popularity of plant-based products due to various reasons, such as ethical concerns, environmental sustainability, and health benefits. Sensory analysis is a powerful tool for evaluating the human appreciation of food and drink products. To link the sensory evaluation to the chemical and textural compositions, further quantitative analyses are required. Unfortunately, due to the destructive nature of sensory analysis techniques, quantitative evaluation can only be performed on samples that are different from those ingested. The quantitative knowledge of the analytical parameters of the exact sample ingested would be far more informative. Coupling non-destructive techniques, such as near-infrared (NIR) and hyperspectral imaging (HSI) spectroscopy, to sensory evaluation presents several advantages. The intact sample can be analyzed before ingestion, providing in a short amount of time matrices of quantitative data of several parameters at once. In this review, NIR and imaging-based techniques coupled with chemometrics based on artificial intelligence and machine learning for sensory evaluation are documented. To date, no review article covering the application of these non-destructive techniques to sensory analysis following a reproducible protocol has been published. This paper provides an objective and comprehensive overview of the current applications of spectroscopic and sensory analyses based on the state-of-the-art literature from 2000 to 2023. Full article
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13 pages, 2319 KiB  
Article
Rapid and Sensitive On-Site Detection of Fipronil in Foods Using Evanescent Wave Fluorescent Immunosensor
Chemosensors 2023, 11(12), 578; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11120578 - 17 Dec 2023
Viewed by 734
Abstract
Fipronil (FIP), a broad-spectrum phenylpyrazole insecticide, is highly toxic and threatens human health and ecological balance. Developing convenient, rapid, portable analytical technology for on-site and high-frequency testing of FIP is essential to reduce its damage. Herein, a monoclonal antibody (Clone F-3F6) against FIP, [...] Read more.
Fipronil (FIP), a broad-spectrum phenylpyrazole insecticide, is highly toxic and threatens human health and ecological balance. Developing convenient, rapid, portable analytical technology for on-site and high-frequency testing of FIP is essential to reduce its damage. Herein, a monoclonal antibody (Clone F-3F6) against FIP, with high affinity and specificity, was produced using a novel immunogen, FIP-BSA, which was simply and directly synthesized by conjugating FIP with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Among the previously reported antibodies, F-3F6 acts more specifically against FIP. The FIP metabolites fipronil desulfinyl, fipronil sulfide, and fipronil sulfone showed lower cross-reactivity, and other pesticides were not recognized. To achieve high-frequency and on-site measurements of FIP, an evanescent wave fluorescence biosensor was built by integrating evanescent wave fluorescence technology, a functionalized fiber bioprobe, and a fluorescence-labeled F-3F6 antibody. The detection limit of FIP was 0.032 μg/L. The detection results of real milk and water samples showed that all the coefficients of variation were less than 10%, and the recovery ranged from 90 to 120%. The high reusability and stability of functionalized fiber bioprobe enables the accurate, cost-effective, high-frequency, and facile quantitative detection of FIP. This highly specific and reliable evanescent wave fluorescence biosensor will be well suited to the sensitive and high-frequency on-site analysis of only FIP in food. Full article
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